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Sources of information

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Saved by Quan Nha HONG
on November 7, 2013 at 10:45:02 pm
 

Searching the literature is an iterative process: Searching primary bibliographic databases may be (must be if systematic review) complemented by a citation tracking using the database SCOPUS for instance. Citation tracking can be reiterated up to saturation (i.e., until no new relevant publication found).

 

Ask a Librarian: Librarians have expertise in techniques for information retrieval within databases and all types of sources. They must be consulted for systematic mixed studies reviews to find the proper search strategy to identify the articles relevant for your review question(s). For non-systematic reviews, librarians may be consulted when you need assistance. 

 

Bibliographic databases can contain specific indexing to retrieve quantitative studies, e.g., MEDLINE, which facilitates the retrieval of a particular study design such as randomized controlled trials for instance. However, they do not have (yet) specific indexes or filters for seeking mixed methods studies or qualitative research studies. Thus, we propose a generic strategy for retrieving mixed methods studies, and for finding qualitative research studies. 

 

 

1) Proposed Generic Text-Word Strategy for Searching Mixed Methods Studies  

 

  • Text-word search: ‘(quantitative AND qualitative) OR mixed method(s) OR multi(-)method’ 

 

However, further librarian research is needed to measure the sensibility and specificity of strategies (hereby identify the best filters) for retrieving mixed methods studies.

 

Selected references:

  • Bryman A (2006). Integrating quantitative and qualitative research: how is it done? Qualitative Research 6 (1), 97–113.
  • Creswell JW, Plano Clark VL (2007). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

 

2) Search Filters for Qualitative Studies 

 

To locate qualitative studies, the following articles offer search filters for various databases. Of those, one permits to compare the sensibility and specificity of search strategies by database (Grant, 2004), and one suggests usual search strategies by qualitative researchers (search by list of designs) (McKibbon et al., 2006). 

 

Higher Sensitivity Search Strategies for Retrieving Qualitative Studies (McKibbon et al., 2006, p. 451)

 

DATABASES

TWO OR MORE TERM STRATEGIES

HIGH SENSITIVITY

SPECIFICITY

CINAHL

Exp study design OR exp attitude OR exp interviews

99%

54%

MEDLINE

Interview:.tw. OR px.fs OR exp health services administration

95%

70%

EMBASE

Interview:.tw. OR qualitative.tw. OR exp health care organization

94%

90%

PSYCHINFO

Experience:.mp. OR interview:.tw. OR qualitative:.tw.

94%

79%

 

NOTE: Techniques used:

  • exp = explode (in a thesaurus, gathering all components of a term). See database vendor for fuller explanations of searching techniques;
  • mp = multiple posting (term appears in title, abstract, or subject heading);
  • sh = indexing term used by indexers of the database content;
  • tw = words or phrases in the title or abstract;
  • : = truncation indication picking up multiple endings of words and phrases 
  • px = psychology subheading;
  • fs = floating subheading.

 

Selected references:

  • Grant MJ. (2004). How does your searching grow? A survey of search preferences and the use of optimal search strategies in the identification of qualitative research. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 21, 21-32.
  • McKibbon KA, Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB. (2006). Developing optimal search strategies for retrieving qualitative studies in PsycINFO. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 29(4), 440-454.
  • Walters LA, Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB. (2006). Developing optimal search strategies for retrieving clinically relevant qualitative studies in EMBASE. Qualitative Health Research, 16(1),162-168.
  • Wilczynski NL, Marks S, Haynes RB. (2007). Search Strategies for Identifying Qualitative Studies in CINAHL. Qualitative Health Research, 17(5), 705-710.
  • Wong SS, Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB. (2004). Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically relevant qualitative studies in MEDLINE. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 107(Pt 1), 311-316.

 

3) Bibliographic Databases 

 

Several bibliographic databases are available on the web.  These databases can include references of different types of documents such as journal articles, conference proceedings, reports and books.  The choice of databases depends on several criteria such as the subject areas, access, date coverage, controlled vocabulary, and type of documents. A librarian must be consulted for searches in multiple databases since each database has its own operators. 

 

The following table presents some bibliographic databases.  

 

Databases

Topics 

Allied & Complementary Medicine (AMED)

AMED is a database produced by the Health Care Information Service of the British Library. It covers a selection of journals on complementary medicine, palliative care, and several professions allied to medicine.

Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)

CINAHL database covers journals from nursing, allied health, biomedicine, alternative/ complementary medicine, consumer health, and health sciences librarianship.

Current Contents

Current contents covers a very wide selection of subsets in which two might be of relevance in health: Social & Behavioral Sciences and Clinical Medicine. Also, it covers not only journal articles but also reviews, meeting abstracts, and editorials.

Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) reviews

  • ACP Journal Club
  • Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials  (CCTR)
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR)
  • Cochrane Methodology of Reviews of Effects (CMR)
  • Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE)
  • Health Technology Assessment (HTA)
  • NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHSEED)

Evidence-based medicine reviews include several databases from the Cochrane Collaboration. The databases include controlled trials (CCTR) and systematic reviews (CDSR and DARE). Also, the ACP Journal Club, published by the American College of Physicians, aims to select, summarise and comment articles that warrant immediate attention by physicians. Since 2008, three new databases were added in the collection on economics (NHSEED), health technology assessment (HTA), and methodological research (CMR). 

Education Resource Information Center (ERIC)

ERIC provides access to bibliographic records of journal articles, books, research syntheses, conference papers, technical reports, policy paper, and other education-related materials. ERIC is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences (IES).

Excerpta Medica (EMBASE)

EMBASE covers similar topic to MEDLINE and includes biomedical and pharmaceutical international journals. Several covered fields could be relevant for this review such as clinical and experimental human medicine, health policy and management, public health, occupational health, and environmental health. Also, there is selective coverage for nursing, medicine, psychology, and alternative medicine.

HealthSTAR

HealthSTAR comprises data from the database MEDLINE and focuses of both clinical and non-clinical aspects of health care delivery. This database not only contains citations and abstracts to journal articles but also monographs, technical reports, meeting abstracts and papers, book chapters, government documents, and newspaper articles.

MEDLINE

MEDLINE is the United States National Library of Medicine's (NLM) database that provides information from several fields such as medicine, nursing, allied health and pre-clinical sciences.

ProQuest Dissertations and Theses

ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database provides full-text theses and dissertations published by graduate students from over 1000 academic institutions worldwide. This database is multidisciplinary.

PsycINFO

PsycINFO is a database of psychological literature and related disciplines including medicine, psychiatry, nursing, sociology, education, pharmacology, physiology, and linguistics. This database provides citations and abstracts to journal articles and books.

Scopus

Scopus is a multidisciplinary database for citation tracking.  It covers the literature on sciences, applied sciences, health sciences, social sciences, arts and human sciences. It provides 100% Medline coverage. It contains abstract and citation for academic journal articles.

Sociological Abstracts

Sociological abstracts database covers an international literature in sociology and related disciplines in the social and behavioural sciences. The database provides abstracts of journal articles, abstracts of books, book chapters, dissertations, and conference papers.

 

4) Approaches to Finding Studies & Proper Documentation 

 

In order to cover the literature on one specific question, other approaches than bibliographic searches can be used. The following table presents some common approaches. 

 

Approaches

Description

Experts

Social networks are powerful sources of information. Experts can be contacted through personal contacts, mailing lists and forums.

Journal Hand Searches

 

Provide a list of journal titles in alphabetical order using full titles. State the earliest year searched, together with the latest year searched, and any missing journal issues which were not searched. 

Dissertations and Theses

Provide a list of databases searched and range of years for each, as well as the terms searched. Indicate any limits such as doctoral theses only. 

Clinical Trial Registries

 

Indicate the name and URL of any registries searched, range of years, as well as terms searched. 

Conference Proceedings

 

Indicate the full title of the conference, and include the title of the proceedings as well if it exists, or the journal information if it was published as part of a journal. 

Citation Tracking*

 

Indicate if reference lists of obtained articles were consulted for locating earlier studies.

Unpublished Studies

 

Provide a brief summary including databases, or other grey literature sources searched. Include here efforts to contact investigators for information about unpublished studies. 

 

*Citation tracking is a useful method to identify references that are very likely to be relevant to your topic. Citation searching involves looking at the references at the end of a relevant article as well as at who has cited the article in question (“Cited by”). By looking at who has cited the article, also allows you to assess how your research topic has progressed.  If the article has not been cited, some databases allow you to set up alerts. Some databases will allow you to use a related records/related articles/related documents function (any article that shares at least one citation in common with your article).   Tools for citation tracking are Google Scholar, and citation databases such as ISI Web of Science or Scopus.         

 

5) Systematically Searching the Grey Literature

 

“Grey Literature is a field in library and Information science that deals with the production, distribution, and access to multiple document types produced on all levels of government, academics, business, and organization in electronic and print formats not controlled by commercial publishing i.e., where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body.” [About GreyNet. (2012). Grey Literature Network Service. Retrieved 13:21, June 17, 2013 from http://www.greynet.org/greynethome/aboutgreynet.html.]

 

Examples: Theses, conference proceedings, white papers, reports, government documents, bibliographies, newsletters, lectures, blogs, informal communication, website information, and audiovisual materials.

 

Benefits

  • Potential to fill knowledge gaps left by mainstream scholarship and research
  • Searchable and accessible on the internet for free

 

Where to look for it

  • Specialized databases and portals
  • Google and Google Scholar
  • Reference lists and bibliographies (to identify citations that are not indexed)
  • Experts in the field

 

Best practices

  • Test and document in detail your search strategy
  • Ask a librarian and peers to review your strategy and recommend additional sources
  • Identify key organizations relevant to your topic, search their publications and/or contact their documentation specialist

 

Additional information

Grey literature. (2013, June 10). HLWIKI Canada. Retrieved 13:16, June 17, 2013 from http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/index.php?title=Grey_literature&oldid=126973.

Grey literature. (2013, June 13). New York University Libraries. Retrieved 13:16, June 17, 2013 from http://nyu.libguides.com/content.php?pid=27011&sid=992846#Research%20in%20Progress.

 

6) How to keep track of your review? 

 

With regard to database searches, the following elements must be documented:

 

Sampling Strategy

 

Specify the sampling strategy

  • Comprehensive: attempts to identify all relevant studies (this is mandatory for systematic reviews)
  • Selective: attempts to identify all relevant studies but only within specific limits
  • Purposive: samples from specific disciplines, years, journals

 

Type of Studies

 

Describe actual study types or designs to be included (e.g., qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies)

 

Approaches

 

Describe all the approaches to locating studies (e.g., hand searching and citation tracking)

 

Range of Years

 

Include start and end dates for each resource including justification for the chosen time period. Be sure to include the date the searches were executed.

 

Limits

 

Functional limits that are applied for logistic reasons but do not alter the topic conceptually (e.g., human, language)

 

Limitations

 

Conceptual limitations that mediate the scope of the topic area (e.g., geographic location, setting)

 

Terms Used

 

Search strategy from one or ideally, all of the databases searched. Use exact search syntax and operators (e.g., Boolean operators such as AND, OR, proximity operators and truncation operators)

 

Electronic Sources

 

Report all databases used, as well as search platforms to assist in replication (e.g., EMBASE on Ovid Online). Specify for each database the date when the search strategy was performed

 

 

In addition, complementary approaches to finding studies and proper documentation must be documented. Finally, the list of references should be imported in a reference manager software for removing duplicates such as EndNote. Then, EXCEL or ACCESS databases or specialized software such as RevMan (free) and EPPI-Reviewer can help to manage stages 4 to 7 (identification, selection, appraisal, and synthesis). Furthermore, a Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) can handle large sets of PDF documents and complex coding these stages in systematic mixed studies reviews. Results from quantitative studies can be exported in statistical packages when needed.

 

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

 

  • Booth, A. (2006). “Brimful of STARLITE”: toward standards for reporting literature searches. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 94(4):421-8. PMID: 17082834
  • Higgins JPT, Green S (editors) (2011). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration. Available from: www.cochrane-handbook.org.

 

 

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